Which testing method does NOT require knowledge of the internal workings of a system?

The testing method that does not require knowledge of the internal workings of a system is known as black-box testing. This approach focuses on evaluating the system's functionality based solely on its inputs and outputs, without any consideration of how the system processes that data internally. Black-box testing is designed to assess the user experience and ensure that the application meets its functional requirements from the user's perspective, making it particularly useful for validating software features after development.

Other testing methods, such as white-box testing, involve a complete understanding of the internal code and architecture, allowing testers to identify potential vulnerabilities by examining the logic and structure of the code directly. Gray-box testing combines elements of both black-box and white-box testing, as it allows for some knowledge of the internal workings while still focusing on functional testing.

Static testing, on the other hand, involves analyzing code or documentation without executing the program, which may or may not require an understanding of internal systems depending on the approach taken. Overall, black-box testing is essential for ensuring that software functions as intended without needing insight into its inner mechanisms.